Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior, the ability to control and predict, and it is the study of thinking, reason and personality

Information on the Psychology major

psychology

Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior, the ability to control and predict, and it is the study of thinking, reason and personality, working to analyze it accurately and learn about the different patterns of it, and to apply what has been studied on the ground, in order to know the psychological problems faced by man, And strive to solve and treat them at their roots. 

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Difficulties in psychology specialization

Many people see that specializing in psychology is somewhat complex and difficult, but this difficulty varies between students, each of them has their mental and intellectual capabilities and capabilities and scientific excellence, and in order to avoid this problem, each student must see many books related to psychology Before enrolling in this major, to avoid any difficulty we will mention in several points, the most important of which are:

Turning to many subjects related to scientific subjects, which are mainly related to the scientific branch, such as psychological statistics, physiological psychology and other scientific subjects, and this difficulty is one of the most problems facing students of this specialization, and makes them unable to continue his studies. 

This specialization includes many subjects that must be taught in English, knowing that students face a major problem in this language and its mastery. 

This specialization requires conducting many research and reports, in addition to the great importance of reviewing many ancient and modern studies alike, and such a step poses difficulty for large numbers of students.

 Due to the large number of psychological schools related to this specialization, there is a great difficulty in understanding many psychological concepts and terms, which have a direct relationship with psychology. 

Psychology includes many theoretical and applied branches alike, in addition to the imperative need to know all these branches without ignoring any of them. 

The necessity of working in the field after completing the university stage, and obtaining a certificate in this specialty.

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Psychology specialization features

Psychology is distinguished from other disciplines in that it studies the principles and foundations on which science is based, and does not depend on the study of ideas and surface information that are traded by specialists in linguistic and neurological programming, in addition to self-development, so we find a great difference when studying psychology as it is In the psychological books that are circulated among the public.

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Intelligence in psychology

The concept of intelligence is an ancient concept emerging by the philosopher Chithron; Where philosophers depended on the method of observation in the interpretation of intelligence, they followed the method of self-introspection by observing the philosopher for himself while carrying out thought processes or any other mental activities and writing opinions and observations. As for these theories and ideas that philosophers reach by observation only, it can not be adopted and approved only by subjecting them Scientific and experimental methods. 

Definition of intelligence in psychology

The definitions of psychology for intelligence differed according to the aspect addressed by the definition, so scientists differed in general in the aspects of its definition, there are those who defined it according to its composition and structure, and there are those who defined it according to its function and tasks, and there are also those who define it procedurally, and in general, intelligence is a sensory movement process with multiple capabilities And continuous activation and work after strengthening the factor and genetic predisposition with appropriate external stimuli and stimuli, and the most prominent definitions of psychologists for intelligence according to its function are the following: 

Terman : Terman defined intelligence as the ability to do the process of abstract thinking.

 Colvin : Intelligence is the individual reaching the stage of being able to learn . 

Stern : It is the general ability of an individual to cope with mental attitudes and new life problems.

 Gordad : Jordan defined intelligence as the ability to use previous experiences and benefit from them in solving the present problems , in addition to predicting and anticipating future problems that the individual may be exposed to. 

Harrood Gardens : Intelligence is the individual's level of intellectual competence, which consists of a set of skills that enable an individual to use it to solve problems and gain new knowledge.

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As for the definitions of psychology of intelligence according to its formative structure, it follows: 

Binet : Male Binet intelligence that consists of four capabilities, 

namely: understanding , innovation , criticism and the ability to guide their thinking processes in a particular aspect and continuity of going into it. 

Spearman : Spearman defined intelligence as the ability, factor, and general innate aptitude that influences the functioning of mental activity in all its forms and themes. 

Thorndike : Thorndike defined intelligence as the sum of the arithmetic mean of many independent capabilities. Where Thorndike rejected the principle of general intelligence. 

Cyril Peart : These are the general innate cognitive abilities. 

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The most important theories that explained the nature of intelligence

The scholars differed on their interpretation of the concept of intelligence, its nature and its composition in several theories, the most important of which are:

Spearman worker theory

Spearman’s opinion on intelligence was that it is not a specific process of mental processes such as perception, reasoning and deduction, but rather is a general factor that affects all mental processes and capabilities in varying proportions and levels in conjunction with factors that affect in particular, and the general factor is the one that affects the course of different processes such as reasoning, innovation and perception. Different, and so that intelligence is the essence and basis of work and mental activity to appear in all individual responses and different activities, in addition to the existence of specific qualitative preparations.

Thorndike multi factor theory

Thorndike believes that intelligence consists of a range of capabilities or multiple factors, when the individual mental process , one must work capacities are common among them as the existence of links linking each process by the other, as seen this world that mental processes are the result of the work of the complex nervous system which functions And his tasks in an integrated way, Thorndike classifies intelligence in three types:

Abstract intelligence : It is the ability to handle abstract concepts, words and symbols with high efficiency. 

Social intelligence : It is the ability to adapt and interact socially effectively, and to establish many social relationships in a good and successful way. 

Mechanical Intelligence : It is the ability of an individual to deal with tangible physical objects and objects.

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Theories of sectarian factors Thriston

According to Thurston, intelligence is a set of primary mental abilities and skills partially separate from one another; As there are complex mental processes among which a common factor appears mainly to work in concert to do some skills, and this appears for example through the individual's need to use numerical abilities and the ability to form a visual and visual dimension and the ability to infer to understand algebra and mathematical and engineering processes , as it is when needed to understand the poems The individual needs to use a number of abilities jointly, such as the ability to understand meanings, the ability to remember and the ability to verbal fluency.

Gardiner's Multiple Intelligence Theory

Gardiner classifies intelligence into eight types, and adds to these types two common properties. The first feature is that all these intelligences are not only hereditary, but that they may be acquired, while the second characteristic is that these types are open to learning and training, and these types are:

Verbal or linguistic intelligence : It is the ability to learn languages ​​and employ the spoken and written language in expression. 

Mathematical or logical intelligence : It is the ability to logically analyze problems and complete complex mathematical operations, in addition to using critical thinking, reasoning, and reasoning skills, and the ability to investigate and research . 

Motor or sensory intelligence : It is the ability to use physical and motor abilities to achieve specific goals. 

Social or interactive intelligence : is the ability to understand the motives of others and influence them and work with them. 

Self or individual intelligence : It is the ability of the individual to use his capabilities and capabilities to develop himself, in addition to the individual's ability to understand himself and understand his feelings, feelings, motivations and fears.

 Musical or tonal intelligence : It is the ability to deal with musical tones and the ability to imitate them. 

Spatial or conceptual intelligence : It is the ability to use spatial spaces and spaces.

 Biological or environmental intelligence : It is the ability to interact with the biological and natural environment and to identify the different classes in it.

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