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Isaac Newton
The English physicist and mathematician Isaac Newton is considered the first to discover the law of gravity , which is considered an effective discovery in the scientific revolution in the seventeenth century. Isaac Newton was born on January 4, 1643 in England and died on March 31, 1727 AD, and he contributed to the development of the principles of modern physics Including the laws of motion, and among the discoveries contributed by Isaac Newton are the discoveries of optical, kinematic and mathematics, as Newton assumed that white light is a compound of all colors of the spectrum and that light is composed of particles, in addition to its contribution to the development of basic theories in calculus.
Newton, discoverer of gravitation
Newton is considered a mathematician and physicist who was the first to talk about the force of gravitation explicitly and scientifically, in the seventeenth century, when his famous story related to the fall of an apple from the tree perpendicular to the earth is the moment of his realization of the reality of the existence of gravity, and Newton was able to apply the law of gravity that arrived To him on the theories of many scientists, including: the scientist Galileo, and it is indicated that through Newton's discovery of gravity, he reached three important laws of motion.
Newton’s origins
Newton was born on the twenty-fifth of December of the year 1642 AD, his father died three months before his birth, and before he completed his third year, his mother got married and left him with her mother to raise him, and when he was twelve years old he joined the Kings School to learn, and continued until his seventeenth year During his studies, he learned the foundations of mathematics, the Greek language, and Latin.
After Newton's stepfather passed away, she tried to force his mother to engage in agriculture to work in it, but he did not accept that, but his school director managed to persuade his mother to allow him to return to school to complete his education, and thus he returned to study, and he obtained a master's degree from college Trinity was in cambridge university, and he became one of its professors later in his life. Newton studied the fields of light, including: light, arithmetic, astronomy, philosophy, gravity, and the motion of bodies.
Achievements of the scientist newton
Newton's achievements were numerous in various fields, we mention some of them in each area:
His achievements in the field of mathematics
- Polynomial theory of the third degree.
- Binomial theorem.
- The theory of calculus of integration and differentiation.
- Round the partial values of the harmonic series in logarithms.
His achievements in the field of optics
- He studied the phenomenon of refraction of light.
- Show that the scattering prism analyzes the white light of the colors of the visible spectrum.
- Show that color is caused by the interaction of colored light with objects.
- He concluded that the problem with the telescope lens was the dispersion of lights of colors, so he invented a telescope that works as an objective lens using a mirror.
- He published his book texas optical in 1704 AD, in which he explained his theory of light.
His achievements in the field of mechanical works
- He published the fundamentals of math of Natural Philosophy, which included research on the atom.
- He presented the theory of determining the orbits of comets, and elaborated his evidence, showing that it is not necessary for the orbits of comet 2020 to have an oval shape.
- He created laws of movement, which made major advances in the Industrial Revolution.
The story of the discovery of gravity
The story of the discovery of gravity relates that while Newton was sitting under an apple tree, an apple fell on his head, which stimulated him to think, and form his theory of gravity. Who gave him the idea of the existence of gravity; Where he told him that while he was sitting meditating, an apple fell to the ground , which led him to wonder why it always fell vertically to the bottom, and not to the top or to one side.
This story is not actually realistic. Rather, it denotes a description of how broad creative ideas jump into the minds of thinkers at one point. Newton did not say that the apple hit his head, but he thought about the way the apple fell, and Newton spent several years after contemplating these ideas, which required a lot of effort to develop after that, and he collected the best of what his predecessors had reached, and went beyond it to formulate an explanation model Much about the way the universe works.
The concept of gravity
Gravity can be defined as the force with which any planet or object can attract or pull things towards its center, any object that has a mass also has gravity, and as the mass increases, gravity increases, as gravity decreases with increasing distance between objects. Where objects closer to each other have a greater gravitational force than those distant, and the Earth also acquires its gravity from its mass, and objects gain their weight due to the Earth's attraction to them. For example, when an individual is on a planet whose mass is less than the mass of the Earth, then his weight there will be less than his weight on Earth, and gravity is the factor responsible for the survival of the moving planets in their orbits around the sun, the moon’s stay in its orbit around the earth, and the occurrence of the phenomenon of tides of seas and oceans. Einstein found that gravity also pulls light in addition to masses.
Newton's Law of Gravitation
Newton's law of gravity states that there is an attractive force between every two bodies in the universe, and this force is proportional to the product of their masses, and inversely with the square of the distance between them. Newton introduced this law in 1687 AD and used it to explain the motions of the planets and their moons. Sports by the world Johannes Kepler (Johannes Kepler) at the beginning of the seventeenth century, and expresses this law with symbols as follows:
= s c × k 1 × k 2 / P - 2 as: s: the power of attraction, c: fixed gravity, K - 1 : block first body, k 2 : The second body mass, P - 2 : square of the distance between them.
Gravitational theory
Newton contributed to defining the law of universal gravitation, according to which any physical object in the universe attracts another object.The force of attraction is proportional to the product of their mass, and inversely, with the square of the distance between them, so that the magnitude of the attraction force is equal to the gravitational constant, multiplied by the mass, and divided by the square of the distance Newton introduced this law in 1687 AD and used it to explain the motions of the planets and moons.
Apple theory
The apple theory is the inspiration that helped Newton in his explanation of gravity , through the fall of an apple from the tree under which Newton was sitting while returning home and stopping him from going to school due to the great plague, as this apple prompted him to question the reason for its fall directly and not at an angle. And through it, he began to explore the theories of motion and gravity, as this apple contributed to Newton's thinking about why the apple was mainly attracted to the Earth, and thus published his theory about global gravity in 1680, and laid the foundation that the idea of gravity is a predictable force that works on all A substance in the universe that is important for both mass and distance.
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