The Cold War

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cold War

The Cold War is a political, ideological and military confrontation in some cases indirectly, that occurred after the Second World War during the period 1947-1991 AD, as for its parties, they are the two largest powers in the world, namely the United States of America and the Soviet Union and their allies, and it was a manifestation of this war The world is divided into two camps: a communist led by the Soviet Union and a liberal led by the United States of America . It can be said that the term cold war means a struggle in which one of the warring parties does not officially declare war on the opposite side, and each side led the war on the other using the media. And art, and secret means such as undercover agents and spies. 

The term cold war was used for the first time by the English writer George Orwell in an article he had published in 1945, in which he referred to the nuclear dilemma that two or three countries could cause, each with a nuclear weapon capable of killing millions of people in just a few seconds. , The term was also used for the first time in the United States of America by the American financier and presidential advisor Bernard Baruch in his speech in 1947 AD at the State Palace in Columbia.

Causes of the Cold War

Despite the union of the Americans and the Soviets in World War II against the Axis Powers, the relationship between them was somewhat tense. The United States of America was cautiously dealing with the Soviet Union and the spread of communism in addition to its caution against President Joseph Stalin, who was largely bloodthirsty. The Americans also denounced considering the Soviets a legitimate part of the international community despite their participation in World War II and the death of a large number of Russians in it, which provoked hatred between the two peoples, and the expansion of the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe after World War II led to Americans' fear of a communist takeover On the world, which led to a cold war between the two parties, historians believe that there was no escape from it.  Among the main factors that led to the emergence of the Cold War are the following:

call of duty

arms race

In 1949 AD the Soviet Union tested the first atomic bomb, which led to the start of the nuclear arms race between the two parties, and in 1953 AD the two powers began testing hydrogen bombs and competing in the research and production processes, and the Mutually Assured Destruction MAD theory appeared, which states However, nuclear weapons will not be released from one side unless they are launched from the other side, and nuclear weapons have become a deterrent rather than a weapon used in war, and the US President Truman aimed to intimidate the Soviet Union from conforming to Eastern Europe, but Joseph Stalin's response was anger instead of fear. Which prompted the continuation of the nuclear arms race, the militarization of both sides, and the proximity of the war. 

Ideological differences

Among the ideological differences and divisions is the emergence of communism. The communist state appeared in Russia after the Bolshevik revolution in 1917, which replaced the Russian Provisional Government. The Bolsheviks worked to withdraw Russia from the war and leave Britain and France to fight alone in the First World War. Capitalism also appeared in exchange for communism. Capitalist regimes in the United States of America are compatible with the communist regimes in the Soviet Union, as the government in the capitalist system is democratic and the economy is not controlled by the state, while the Communist Party leads the state and concentrates power and the economy in the hands of the government, and the two sides have aimed at superiority Each on the other to make their own profit.

The degree of suspicion and distrust between the two superpowers increased when Stalin was angry at the United States and Britain over the delay in opening the second front to Germany during World War II.Which gave Hilter the opportunity to consolidate his forces against the Soviets, and Stalin suspected that the United States and Britain had been late to let the Soviets and Germans fight with each other and thus weaken the two countries, which prompted Stalin to search for more security for his country and intend to establish a geographical buffer zone. For friendly Eastern European countries, and to protect them from future Western aggression, the United States of America opposed that because it was intending to establish a strong democratic state, and the ideological differences between the two sides raised many disagreements, and the United States of America decided to follow a policy of containment, one of the most important of which was that If communism cannot be eradicated, its spread must be stopped.

US President Truman accused the Soviet Union of being the force instigating the dictatorial regime in the world, just as the Soviets were the basis for strangling the global economy, and as an implementation of the policy of containment and fighting the Soviets, the United States of America provided economic aid in terms of money, building materials, and expertise to most European countries that it feared from The Soviet communist threat and their view was that as long as the country is prosperous, there is no fear of it from the control of communism, and the divisions resulting from the difference in ideology were clearly evident through the creation of NATO in 1949 AD to confront the communist threat, and the Warsaw Pact was established in 1955 AD by Stalin To confront the hostile alliance against the Soviets. 

The emergence of disputes over Germany

When the heat ended in 1945, Germany was divided into four divisions between the United States of America, Britain, France and the Soviet Union.And it was decided that each of the allies would run its own region, and Stalin wanted to weaken Germany's economy to ensure that it could not rise again, and he demanded material compensation for the losses of the war it caused, but the Western allies wanted Germany to be strong in it. Sufficient to contribute to world trade, as the British, French and American regions remained free in trade, but Stalin refused to trade with other regions in his own section, and he also confiscated many products and raw materials necessary for reconstruction and used them for the benefit of the Soviet Union, and in 1947 AD was established A new currency to unify the British and American economies and to boost the economy in their German regions. As for Stalin, he feared that the currency would spread in his region and weaken his will to weaken the German economy, which led him to create the new East German currency for his sector.

In 1948, Stalin besieged Berlin , cut all roads leading to it, and prevented Westerners from reaching it by land, and he aimed to force them to give it up, just as he was afraid of a global economic power union with Germany, but the American and British governments were transferring aid to The city was airborne through planes to provide people with fuel and food, and this situation lasted for 11 months, and after 322 days Stalin lifted the siege on Berlin, but this matter increased the tension between the two forces, which was one of the causes of the Cold War.

The Korean Crisis

Korean crisis began in 1949 , when the communist expansion in the Far East to end up Ptullehm to paillasse in China, and in 1950 invaded Kim Korea North with the support of China and Russia, and saw the United States trusteeship of the National Security Council the US must stop the policy of containment and begin to deter communism According to the domino theory, if any country falls under the rule of communism, other countries will follow sooner or later, and when North Korea was easily defeated by the Chinese and the Congo took control of South Korea, the United States of America got support from the United Nations to take the appropriate action, and military action began in The Cold War in 1950 AD, when the United States fought China and threatened to use the atomic bomb if China did not back down and accept peace, and the war reached a dead end and ended in 1953 AD, and the Korean crisis continues to be a source of tension to this day.

End of the Cold War

The Cold War ended when Richard Nixon, the thirty-seventh president of the United States and the thirty-sixth vice president of the United States, took office, as he adopted a new approach to managing international relations by using the diplomatic rather than military method. Diplomacy with Beijing, and as for the Soviet Union, he adopted a policy of relaxation with him. In 1972, Soviet Prime Minister Leonid Brezhnev signed a treaty limiting the use of strategic weapons, which also prohibits the manufacture of nuclear missiles, whether from the Soviet or American side, and this treaty was a step that limits The threat of nuclear war, and in spite of that the Cold War broke out again when President Ronald Reagan took over the presidency, who considered the communist presence a danger to freedom, and the Reagan Doctrine appeared, which calls for rebellion against Communism and provides financial and reflexive aid.For those who resist the communist menace.

When Gorbachev took office in 1985 and was the last president of the Soviet Union before its collapse, he rebuilt Russian relations with other countries, and his policy was based on two matters: political openness and economic reform. Its governments were changed to non-communist governments. The Berlin Wall, which was the main pillar and most important factor in the Cold War, was destroyed . By 1991, the Cold War was over completely.